Trudgill studied the use of overt and covert presteige in society amoung different speakers of society.
Trudgill proposes that the emergence of New Zealand English, and of isolated new dialects generally, is purely deterministic: it can be explained solely in terms of the frequency of occurrence of particular variants and the frequency of interactions between different speakers in the society. Trudgill’s theory is closely related to usage-based models of language, in which frequency plays a role in the representation of linguistic knowledge and in language change. Trudgill’s theory also corresponds to a neutral evolution model of language change.
William Labov -
Labov studied how linguistic change happens.
William Labov study's suggested individual speech patterns are “part of a highly systematic structure of social and stylistic stratification”
Labov studied how often the final or preconsonantal (Immediately preceding a consonant or consonant sound) was sounded in words like guard, bare and beer. Use of this variable has considerable prestige in New York City.
one of Labovs study's were - the speech of sales assistants in three Manhattan stores, drawn from the top (Saks), middle (Macy’s) and bottom (Klein’s) of the price and fashion scale. Each unwitting informant was approached with a factual enquiry designed to elicit the answer, which may or may not contain the variable final or preconsonantal.
Thomas Tidholm -
A study of Thomas Tidholm's translation of The Hitch Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy.
the English text was read in parallel with the Swedish translation and the text was restricted to every tenth page. A number of linguistic areas were analyzed: proper names, invented words, metaphors, similes, additions, omissions, mistranslations and wordplay.
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